Nondisjunction: This occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate properly during meiosis I or meiosis II, respectively. It can lead to conditions such as Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), and Turner syndrome (XO). Translocation: This is when a segment of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. It can be reciprocal or non-reciprocal and may lead to genetic disorders or cancers. Deletion: This involves the loss of a chromosome segment, which can result in conditions such as Cri-du-chat syndrome. Duplication: This occurs when a chromosome segment is duplicated, leading to extra genetic material. An example is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. Inversion: This is when a chromosome segment breaks off, flips around, and reattaches, potentially disrupting gene function.
